Merchant of Venice - Apperance vs Reality - 1967 Words

Jasdeep Bains Mrs. Valdez ENG2D1-05 Wednesday May 28, 2008 Appearance Vs Reality in Merchant Of Venice This theme of Appearance Vs. Reality is used throughout the play to mislead and confuse so things may not always be what they seem. Shakespeare uses deception to enhance the unfolding drama and involve his audience more fully in the play – the audience are party to deceptions which the characters themselves are unaware of. Prejudice was common and the word â€Å"Jew† applied to hardhearted unscrupulous moneylenders. An Elizabethan audience would have been happy to see a Jew, Spaniard or a Moor deceived and Shakespeare clearly tried to give his audience what it wanted. In contrast, many, particularly ladies, would have admired the strong and†¦show more content†¦This is a racist comment; she wants all people of his race to choose the wrong casket. In the original group of suitors mentioned at the start of the play was, amongst others, a German whom Portia stereotyped. â€Å"When he is worst he is little better than a beast†. In Shakespeare’s time the suitors would have been recognized as national stereotypes. Although not clearly specified in the play, we are under the impression that Portia again is pleasant to the suitors’ faces but mocks them behind their backs – a cruel and deliberate deception. Finally Portia deceives the Prince of Arragon too. In his pre sence she describes him as a â€Å"noble prince† but again this is only a deception as in his absence she comments on all the men who have visited as being â€Å"deliberate fools†. Bassanio deceives Portia into thinking he is rich. This is quite an important deception as it is linked directly to the main deception of the loan from Shylock. Bassanio needs money so he can borrow a ship and sail to Portia to ask if she will marry him. He also needs money to buy expensive gifts, again to deceive Portia. Bassanio brings â€Å"Gifts of rich value† and, although he is in debt, arrives as Portia’s suitor as if a rich man. After successfully saving Antonio from Shylock, Portia (still disguised) requests Bassanio’s ring that she has given him as a token of loyalty, â€Å"And for your love I’ll take this

Essay about Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 1760 Words

I. Introduction A. What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)? B. Living with Generalized Anxiety Disorder II. Symptoms of GAD A. Mental B. Physical III. Who gets GAD? A. Risk Factors B. U.S. Statistics on GAD C. When does GAD start? D. Co-morbidities IV. Treatments for GAD A. Medications B. Therapy C. Self-Help V. Conclusion A. The future of GAD B. Living life with less anxiety C. Final thoughts Anxiety happens to everyone, at some point in time. In fact, a little anxiety can actually be good for you. It can help you respond appropriately to danger, and it can motivate you to excel at work and home. (www.mayoclinic.com) However, when anxiety becomes so strong that it affects your daily†¦show more content†¦(www.nmha.org) GAD affects approximately 6.8 million Americans, or about 3.1% of the population, between the ages of 18 and 54. (www.helpguide.org) Women are affected almost twice the number of times as men. Sadly, almost 2/3 of all people with a severe mental illness never receive treatment. (www.mentalhealth.com) The cost of treating patients with anxiety disorders (including GAD) are astronomical. According to The Economic Burden of Anxiety Disorders, a study commissioned by the ADAA and based on data gathered by the association and published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, anxiety disorders cost the U.S. more than $42 billion a year, almost one third of the $148 billion total mental health bill for the U.S. More than $22.84 billion of those costs are associated with the repeated use of healthcare services, as those with anxiety disorders seek relief for symptoms that mimic physical illnesses. People with an anxiety disorder are three-to-five times more likely to go to the doctor and six times more likely to be hospitalized for psychiatric disorders than non-sufferers. (www.anxietycentre.com) GAD usually has a slow onset and can begin at any age, although the greatest risk is between childhood and middle age. The median age for the onset of GAD is 31. (www.nimh.nih.gov) GAD is a serious mental illness that may affect all facets of ones life. However, there are treatments available for GAD. TheShow MoreRelatedGeneralized Anxiety Disorder771 Words   |  3 Pagescountry are affected, it is estimated that â€Å"5% - 6% of teens ages 13-18 are affected by this troubling disorder, not including the teens that receive no treatment,â €  (â€Å"Generalized†). Youth that receive no treatment could be considered are under privileged. Meaning that they do not have the resources or are very limited to resources that could help them get the proper treatment for their disorder. Many of those adolescents are children that come from low income families, single family homes, or fosterRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Bryan Wood Abnormal Psychology Professor Powell April 14, 2015 Bryan Wood Mr. Powell PSY 322 April 14, 2015 Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) â€Å"During a panic attack, the first thing you want to do is get out of the situation that is causing it. However, since most professors find it disrespectful to leave during class, I had to sit for an hour and half in this agonizing state†¦It was as if I had terminal cancerRead MoreUsing Generalized Anxiety Disorder?1180 Words   |  5 Pagessmall example of what someone with Generalized Anxiety Disorder may go through on a daily business every moment during their day. The topics that are going to be covered in this paper are what is GAD and what are the signs and symptoms, how does GAD affect the ability to perform normal activities of daily living, and an overall summary with my assigned individual at SDC for his Intensive Learning Project. What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder â€Å"Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessiveRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Is A Mental Disorder That1410 Words   |  6 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder is a mental disorder that affects approximately four to five percent of the general population. This disorder can be illustrated by excessive anxiety and worry that lasts a minimum of six months and deals with various events or activities. People who struggle with this disorder have difficulties controlling their worry; this worry can permeate into every action or thought which leads to increased anxiety. Moreover, people with generalized anxiety disorder exhibit at leastRead MoreQuestions On Generalized Anxiety Disorder1151 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER 1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Chinelo Onyekere Delaware County Community College Abnormal Psychology 210 Professor Doran August 8, 2015 GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER 2 Presenting Problems Joe Steven, is reported a continuous and extensive worry about his family responsibilities. TheRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )1782 Words   |  8 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a mental disorder marked by extreme anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) over a period of at least 6 months. It is accompanied by at least three of these six somatic or psychological symptoms: feeling on edge, fatigue, problems with concentration, feeling irritable, physical tension, and problems with sleep. Allgulander2012 GAD pervasive cogn dysfunction w/focus on threat and risk tow indiv/family Tension worry muscle pain sleep dist irritability PsychRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder1142 Words   |  5 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder of shared self-reported symptoms. It goes with tension, uncontrollable worrying, sometimes muscle pain, trouble sleeping, and irritability that all together impair work ability, relations, and leisure activities. It is a common condition and there are psychological and pharmacological treatment options are available for anxiety disorders but not all patients respond to the same treatment as others. Finding a good treatment can take many months or sometimesRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad ) Essay2397 Words   |  10 PagesReview Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder in which an individual may feel persistent, excessive, and worry about everyday things that may not even happen. Individuals with this disorder may feel worry, excessive anxiety, and have thoughts of the worst even when there is no need for concern. A person experiencing GAD may expect a disaster. They may worry about their finances, money, health, family, work, or any issue that may come to mind. This disorder mayRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )999 Words   |  4 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most diagnosed mental disorders today, and can often be closely linked to concurrent symptoms or disorders including physiological, behavioral, other anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse. (Merino, Senra Ferreiro, 2016) (Cacioppo Fregberg, 2013, p. 688). GAD most notably produces symptoms of excessive worry and anxiety related to non-specific risks, which often leads to functional decline both socially and professionally (Roberge etRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder2902 Words   |  12 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about everyday things that is disproportionate to the actual source of worry. This excessive worry often interferes with daily functioning, as individuals suffering GAD typically anticipate disaster, and are overly concerned about everyday matters such as health issues, money, death, family problems, friend problems, relationship problems or work difficulties.[1]

Research Methods in Social Science

Question: Discuss about the Research Methods in Social Science. Answer: Introduction: Ability to listen is an important attribute of conducting a qualitative research as it helps to acquire more knowledge and understanding about the research. It also helps the participants to recount their individual experience to the maximum possible extent without any interruption (Yin 2015). It also helps to build up the rapport of the researcher with the participants that facilitates the research process. For example, good listening skills during a personal interview with a manager of the organization upon which the research is being conducted can influence the manager to tell about his personal experience with the organization. Qualitative research is messier than purely scientific research because it has plenty of choices and the researcher negotiates actively between multiple methods, multiple theories and multiple paradigms for creating meaningful research. It allows the researchers to conduct research activity in parallel to other activities as it offers the variety, flexibility and opportunities for experimentation in multiple social contexts (Bhattacherjee 2012). Qualitative research has to deal with the humanity issues along which needs more consideration of ethical issues making it messier than pure scientific research. For example, while conducting qualitative research, the researcher need to undergo a set of analytic strategies which includes other activities besides research activities. Managing the field team is done by surveying the individual team members and average their individual scores for creating composite scores for the team variables like conflict and cohesion on the level of the team (Trochim and Donnelly 2001). Based on the scores, tasks are divided within the team in such a way every team member get adequate task based on their eligibility. Research tasks are prioritized by placing the most important tasks on the top of the list structured for the research and the least important tasks on the later part of the schedule, thereby conducting a systematic research. 1. Observes the everyday activities and ordinary events as they occur naturally along with the unusual occurrences. 2. Involvement with the people who are studied and experiences personally the daily social life processes in the field settings. 3. Acquires the viewpoint of the insider with the maintenance of the analytical perspectives while focusing on the specific aspects of settings and usage of theoretical sampling. 4. Usage of the social skills and techniques according to the situation along with the critical thinking skills 5. Data production in the form of written notes, pictures, maps or diagrams with detailed descriptions (Neuman 2006). Presentation of self-affects the work of a field researcher as they ask sensitive questions to the respondents. They feel reluctant to answer those sensitive questions like questions about alcohol or drug abuse, sexual behavior or mental health problems as answering them may threaten their self-estimation and this affects the work of the field researcher. The personal skills of the field researcher, which are reflected in the research work, can also affect the participants and their participation in the research. For example, the behavioral skills can affect the knowledge sharing of a participant which ultimately affects the quality of research. The attitude of strangeness is the process of making the tacit culture visible. It is a technique of field research in which the researchers mentally adjusts themselves to see the field events as an outsider. The researchers tend to adopt this technique in the familiar surroundings as intimate acquaintance with the familiar culture can create blindness. The benefits are that it facilitates discovery of self and cultural elements become easily visible. For example, the researcher always has an expectation from the participants like the expectation of a gift giver to hear thanks for the nice gift.' It influences the researcher to reconsider the own social world. Participant observation tells about the vote canvasser networks that are underpinned by the dyadic relationships that are on a long-term basis, both horizontal and hierarchical between the voters, vote-canvassers and the candidate (Chattharakul 2011). All these factors continue to be the crucial factors for winning elections. Participant observation methodology helps to gain a close and intimate familiarity with the participants that is very important for collecting efficient data in qualitative research. The participant observation in the article provided by Chattharakul (2011) documented the way by which the candidates can draw up a map of an election campaign to identify the voters for maximizing their vote-canvassing strategy. Participant observation allowed the researcher to understand the vote canvassing networks as it offered the researcher to have a close-up study of the underlying mechanisms of a campaign of Thai election. The researcher documented the process by which the candidates draw up the map of election campaign after identification of the voters for enhancing their strategy of vote canvassing. The participate observation helped the researcher to find out the influence of money, political factions and corrupt local politicians upon rural voters. From participant observation, it has been also understood that the middle-class voters are familiarized with alternative policies. Swell Sculpture Festival is celebrated in Queensland in Australia and the managers of the festival implement the concept of participant observation as the strategy for audience development for managing and understanding the expectations of the audiences. This technique of participant observation helps to illustrate the understanding of the behaviors of the visitors with their artwork interaction. Through the help of participant observation methodology, the researcher can understand the behavioral features of participants and the important skills of interaction. The participant observation helped in getting structured information about the organization or the event upon which the research is being done. Political ethnography helps to understand the role of politics in everyday life as it focuses on the relationship of everyday life with politics. Some of the mundane aspects of life are rooted in the nation or state politics and ethnography demonstrates the deep roots of politics of a country imbues the subjects with particular practices and discourses. For example, in the article provided by Goffman (2009), the researcher was able to draw implications related to the prior treatments of poor and policing and the area of improvement regarding broader sociological questions of punishment along with the surveillance in the modern era. The limitation of using only ethnography as the basis to develop public policy is its relation with reliability. The replication of the ethnographic research carried out on public policy in the natural setting is not reproducible. In addition, controlling the external variables for the development of public policies is not possible because of longer duration of observation (Goffman 2009). Ethnographers include their personal experience for pursuing questions and reviewing data, it can lead to biases in directing the inquiry and analysis. In addition, this method relies upon presentation of critical incidents which is difficult for hypothesis testing. The author wants to manage the ethical aspect of surveillance and punishment in the modern era as with the increase in imprisonment, the daily life of the Black communities is affected. The poor treatment of the poor and the public policing is the ethical issue the author wants to manage for their betterment. I would, as an ethical manager, laid down the ethical guidelines for abiding the law so that they can avoid the punishment. The author attempted to provide implications for viewing the punishment and imprisonment related matters as major sociological questions which are needed to be solved for improved status of black people. Becker argues that should there be values or not among the sociologists while undertaking the studies to analyze the problems. It has been a point of a dilemma for the sociologists that Becker puts forward whether to stay neutral or exhibit a deep commitment while conducting the studies. Staying neutral is value free and commitment involves a value position that the author argues about which side to take. On considering a situation when researches are carried out especially in the sectors of schools, asylums, hospitals, etc., sociologists consider that their work is biased. In such situations, the conflict exists in the hierarchy but has not turned into openly political (Becker 1966). I agree with the main contention of Becker regarding taking of sides as per our political and personal commitments as it will use our technical and theoretical resources for avoiding the distortions that may be introduced into our work. It will also help to carefully limit the conclusion and recognition of the hierarchical credibility. But at the same time "The hierarchy of credibility" is one such feature of our society whose existence cannot be denied. Sometimes even if there is disagreement in terms of the decision or any other work, we cannot deny the decision of the one at the top position. Basic assumptions of traditional interviews are opinion democratization, respondent-researcher duality and respondents as knowledge vessels. Human beings are expected to share common experiences and the roles of the respondent and the researcher are formalized. All the researches that are being conducted are depended on certain assumptions that constitute valid method. These assumptions shape the process of interview and the practice of the sociologists and therefore have a greater contribution towards the validity of the research. For example, certain qualitative researchers based on their philosophical perspectives reject or accept the framework of "validity" that differs from the quantitative research according to sociology. Structured interviews are mainly concerned with the respondent-researcher duality whereas unstructured interviews are lesser stringent regarding the interviewing assumptions and in-depth interviews are built on the concept that delving into the deeper self of the respondent delivers more of the authentic information (Marsiglio 2013). Structured interview can be conducted for the simple gathering of information and when the participant gets deviated from the original question asked. Unstructured interview can be conducted for an informal communication and questions in such cases are open-ended, flexible and can thus be adapted for modification if required. In-depth interviews are conducted for the important matters requiring serious discussions. In the process of active interviewing, the interview is considered as a social event or occasion and the respondents along with the researchers create the social reality based on interactions. In this process of interview, the respondents are expected to take on many active roles. The unit of analysis in this type of interview is not focused on the individual and it is how the interaction shapes the expression and story of the respondent. The main characteristics of an active interview are a structured plan, a quick interviewer, spontaneous respondent and a descriptive topic to be discussed on. In comparison with the traditional approach of interview, active interview allows constructing a bridge to the ongoing interactive contingencies in respect to the interview process. Field research interview is the process of collection of primary data in either the original form or available otherwise using the methods of direct observation, postal surveys, telephone and face to face interviewing whereas survey research interview involves collecting information from the individuals on a specific topic by the methods of questionnaires, interviews and surveys. Field interviews are open-ended and is intended for the collection of the individual experience whereas friendly conversations are informal without any collection of formal information. A field interview involves collecting, conserving and also disseminating the data in order to reach a conclusion. Whereas, a friendly conversation is an informal act that is held between a small group of individual without a purpose. Ethical dilemmas occur as the field researchers get personally involved with the social lives of the respondents. These occur mostly when the researchers are in the field and have lesser time for making moral decisions without consulting others. These situations occur unexpectedly in the process of interacting and observing in the field. The most significant ethical dilemmas of a field interview involve the involvement of a researcher into the personal and social lives of an individual. Although there exist questions on the moral status of such interviews, in certain field survey activities can only be evaluated by studying covertly (Liamputtong 2009). The validity and utility of the information that is obtained by interviewing the elites are dependent on the research design of the analyst. Poorly structured and prepared interviews yield poor information and shift the focus of the interview. Therefore, it is important to be thoroughly prepared when undertaking interviews with the elites. In order to conduct such interviews, it is very important to have a conceptual mapping. An elite individual values time and thus it is very important o conduct the interview with a good knowledge to manage the formal conversation within a specific duration. For example, a study revealed that it took around fifteen to twenty calls to arrange an interview of political elites in Russia. (Beamer 2002). Elite interviews tap into the political constructs, as they are difficult to examine otherwise. They are important as they involve the belief of the political actors. Conceiving the representations by the legislators, extending the institutional co-operation and bipartisan within the state government, coalition building, party leadership and the influence and power of the executives are all answered by the elite interviews. Moreover, the study of such interview reflects on the process-tracing studies, new historical changes of policy ratification or its execution. The elite interviews n also help in the form of a pre-test to aid an individual to distinguish the process that needs to be analyzed in future. Developed procedures of sampling enhance the study validity and reliability and ensure that captures the entire range of interviews. It allows the researcher to gather rich information funds while conserving the resources. In terms of a multiple sampling comparabilities of samples can be done and also information of representative elites from every state can be obtained. Moreover, it reduces the chance of generating biased sample. This also provides an opportunity to get a wide range of view of the elite respondents. Therefore, for carrying out the elite interviews, sampling is an essential factor in its single and multiple states. The chapter on Paula and Kelly provides an in-depth analysis of the political view of the young mothers of Australia. From the interviews, it can be said that both Paula and Kelly have sufficient awareness of politics and Paula had a strong awareness of the complex political affairs of decision making, when compared to Kelly. Both these women viewed politics as a mean for the wellbeing of their children but there viewpoints were different (Brett and Moran 2006). Therefore, it can be well said that both of them were politically aware. Using direct quotations for the presentation of the findings can be attributed to the fact that it clearly reflects the speech and though of the historical figures in the discussion. In this chapter, the views of both the young mothers were quoted to express their opinion regarding the political awareness of the Australian young mothers and the critique by the author has been kept in contrast to support or justify the comments. Direct quotes have also helped to connect the ideas of the young mothers with the authors ideas to produce an argument. There is an intersection of politics, class and nation and that has been specifically exemplified both in the case study and the book. From the case study, it can be found that the young mothers were politically aware, although with different views, and they were concerned about the well-being of their children as the future citizens of the nation with respect to the class of people they belong to. The book discussed the various political ideologies based on the social dimensions of the ordinary people of Australia, belonging to different classes that intersected all the three parameters (Brett and Moran 2006). Qualitative research is the ideal choice for presentation of the detailed account of the excerpts over quantitative as quantitative studies concentrate more on the analysis and measurement of the target concepts and often misses the contextual details. For this kind of studies, individual interpretation of the opinions and events is essential that is possible only with qualitative analysis. The excerpts were rich in the views of the common Australians from their perspectives and data collection would not have been possible with data collection tools, as it is done in quantitative research. Therefore, the researcher for conducting the research aptly selected qualitative research. Cyr analyzed from the past ten years that focus groups are currently under-utilized as data collection method and this can be found from the fact that relatively less number of articles over the past ten years have included the focus groups. The presentation and content of the focus group data also vary significantly. This can be seen from the fact that few of the articles carefully specified the type and number of participants whereas others have missed it. For example, it has been observed that most of the researchers mostly on individual focus group although more information can be obtained from the interactive and individual pool. Focus groups aim to generate the conversations that help to uncover the opinions of the individuals regarding an issue. The group consensus also is revealed in cases where they are found as the issues at hand (Cyr 2015). The data collection potential rises from the range of perspectives and experiences for the focused conversations that are uncovered. One of the most significant uses of the focus group is learning of the socially marginalized pool and understanding of society dynamics. Moreover, it has been reported that the focus group is presently used in the practice of arrangement or gathering of a manageable set of conversations which gets uncovered during the study. 1. An individual unit of analysis is essential for triangulating the other methods and the focus groups play an important role to elicit and survey the multiple reactions to a question and the group dynamic is not important in this form of analysis. The norms of an individual unit analysis suggest that the scientifically identified findings are the most precious if and when applied to all types of individuals. The research articles do not rely exclusively on the focus groups for making their arguments and the focus groups here do not represent the general population. 2. The group unit of analysis is efficient as a pretest for assessment of the measurement validity. Here, the focus groups inform the researchers of the existing consensus for the interesting phenomenon. In this process of analysis, the researchers are confronted with the desirability bias for the methods of data collection that includes surveys and interviews. Every group unit of analysis entails a confined population which must be outlined in the study design procedure of operationalization. Although the group unit of analysis might be operationalized as mean of individual scores, they are of interest to the researchers. 3. Sometimes interactions amid social beings are considered to be a unit of analysis in study. Interactive unit of analysis is appropriate for the exploration studies and exploits the comparative advantage of the focus groups regarding their social setting and dynamics. They rarely confirm the expectations that are derived from the previous theory and data and are oriented to derive new hypothesis. For example, research where books, jokes, wars, laws, etc. are involved in the interactions. Focus groups offer to provide several advantages to the feminist research that includes addressing the ethical concerns demonstrating the ability of the researcher in the process of data collection. It also helps to provide interactive and high quality data and offers a route for studying an individual in context to the social world. Historical studies reveal that the individualistic investigation methods have always dominated the feminist research and psychology. The feminist qualitative research thus can be strengthened through the construction and expansion of interviews conducted on feminist group. The focus group data should be differentiated from the data collected from the in-depth qualitative interviews as it is a distinctive form of analysis and allows observing the interactions taking place between the group members. The strength of the opinion of an individual is analyzed by the focus group that is not possible by the in-depth analysis and therefore, they should be differentiated. Moreover, in-depth qualitative interview needs to be more structured and interactive, whereas the focus group data collection method involves more statistical analysis. Focus group aids the concern of co-construction of reality as it helps to build the understanding of the social world rather than atomistic individualism of individual interviewing (Wilkinson 1998). They focus on the social context influences and the self-relational aspects and give a clear understanding of the reality of the situation. Individual interviews are differentiated from the focus groups on the basis that focus groups provide a better understanding of the individual along with his environment in the context of realities. Focus group simulates more real world response than individual interview. The focus group helps in understanding the commonalities and differences within a segment, whereas an in-depth qualitative interview is very narrow or specific. Running a focus group takes the research into the unexpected and new directions and help the researchers to get engaged in the interaction that is argumentative and complementary. Argumentative includes the parameters of disagreement, challenging and questioning whereas complimentary includes the parameters of sharing of common experiences. Data collection process includes the similarities and differences of the group participants. It is a cost-effective technique where contradictory views can be challenged, and new ideas can be formed. The final result is that running a focus group helps to build a cognitive structure of research after eliminating unwanted ideas and takes the research into a new direction (Kitzinger 2003). Interactions are fundamental in a focus group as it leads to an interventionist style, helps to continue the debate, which would have otherwise ended, challenging the casual reality of the people and encouraging them further to discuss the inconsistencies between their own thinking and participants (Kitzinger 1994). Interaction in focus group allows comparison of views and evaluating the threat present in research. Proper interaction between focus groups allows researcher the time to frame their research in a correct way based on shared perception of ideas. Therefore, interaction plays a significant role in building up the communication process between the participants (Kitzinger 2003). Differences between participants are important when undertaking the research of focus group, as the research participants in a group are never homogeneous entirely. Kitzinger states that there might be unanimous agreement to some views or disagreement with certain ideas. The group dynamics in focus the group may sometimes deviate people from taking about the central theme of research. It does not always mean that it is an inhibitive group as many a time they have helped break the ice and speak about taboo topics. This causes the facilitator to explore the opinion differences and encourage the participants for theorizing the existence of diversity for their viewpoints (Kitzinger 2003). Qualitative methods include specific demands for actively engaging the researcher. Reflexivity is not only individual's interview. It is represented by the entire research approach that begins with a good understanding of self-perception in the research procedure with a clear research conclusion. In the qualitative research methods, the researcher has to think critically beyond the results got from the data analysis thus reflexivity is very important for qualitative research (Walter 2006). It is important because it acknowledges that the researcher has analyzed the data collected during the research. Coding is an essential part of qualitative data analysis. It can be defined as the process by which the collected data are being organized for data analysis during research. While coding, the segments of data are marked with descriptive words, symbols or category names. The purpose of coding data during a research work is to categorize data according to the type or nature of the data collected (Walter 2006). It is done for making the data analysis process easy. After coding the data, similar data under a particular category can be treated in a similar way which would reduce the risk of misinterpretation of data. While dealing with data, transcripts and coding for analysis of the collected data during qualitative research, some specific concepts or ideas would be found assisting in the explanation or interpretation of data, these concepts are known as themes. Codes are given to each data and based on the codes similar data are categories and from similar data having the same code, a theme generates (Walter 2006). The primary analytical procedures identified by Kitzinger include organizing the data, researching the data, developing categories and themes, coding the data, giving interpretation through analytic memos, finding alternative information and writing the report for presentation. Each phase involves reducing redundant data to maintain the purpose of work and guides the researcher to manage information competently. Interpretation is the most crucial process as it imparts meaning to raw data and transforms it into valuable findings. Finally, the data may be presented in different formats by balancing description and analysis. Researchers may take different approaches in reporting and delivering the content accurately (Stevenson 2016). Coding of data is enabled long-term storage of the data by compressing it and is profitable to the researcher especially in the later stages of analysis when he requires the information. Codes like an abbreviation, dots, numbers, highlighting passages, etc. helps in generating categories and themes which facilitate analysis. The constant comparison and coding of data are necessary to achieve theoretical saturation and refinement of the data. The assembling of code helps in organizing themes and linking each of them coherently. It minimizes the chance of error in research work and increases the credibility of data (Stevenson 2016). Ways of writing a report include Presentation of data through interviews where participant response guides the report. Linking of descriptive data and practices to theories. Trying to build a theory with data collected from various institutions and drawing theoretical consideration. Storylining, where the relationships and categories are utilized to clarify the findings in the form of a story. Concept mapping includes representation by a graph, by using graphical software programs. I think presenting data by linking theory with practice is an ideal method as it helps in analyzing practices and views which are complementary to relevant theories (Stevenson 2016). The Silvermans assessment of qualitative research data identifies the aesthetic aspects of qualitative research. He feels that contemporary cultural responses hamper understanding of researchers, and he finds a modern culture of qualitative research to be inaccurate. He uses the word bullshit' to describe some qualitative methods because, in recent research, aesthetic values of research are ignored. He analyzed that researcher pays more attention to theory but not how to apply it. Secondly, the focus is on the perception of the participant but not on the origin of the particular idea. Modern research is also at the risk of leaving standard methods and relying on creating methods (Li 2014). Silverman regard experience as particularly important because it facilitates the application of qualitative research. The role of qualitative research is often ignored in real life, so experience helps in being aware of stereotyped views. This kind of experience helps in the practical application of research in society. He stresses that experience helps in knowing the standards of qualitative research. It facilitates understanding the needs of the responsive audience as well as the maintaining credibility of research. Therefore, experience promotes proper mobilization and dissemination of research findings. It helps in knowing the strength and weakness of qualitative research (Li 2014). The anti-bullshit agenda was triggered by Silverman's critical diagnosis of the modern culture of qualitative research as bullshit'. The anti-bullshit agenda by Silverman is an approach to outline certain criteria, which a social researcher should try to abide by. It includes factors such as clarity, economy, reason, beauty, and truth. This agenda enables the researchers to keep certain criteria in mind while presenting data. Silverman is commending this agenda because he feels that in current qualitative research, researchers ignore the aesthetic value of qualitative research. His main aim is to form research idea with precise reasoning so that research report is presented in aesthetically pleasing style and language (Li 2014). The most challenging aspect according to me was the coding of research data, as I was thoroughly confused the topics I should code and the number of codes I should include in my analysis of interview transcript. Things can get haphazardly arranged if codes are not assembled in a logical and systematic manner. So, I was very cautious during the coding process and tried not to make my presentations go wrong in any way. However watching the video of a qualitative analysis of interview data helped me much in understanding the procedure for coding of research data. The best part of analyzing interview transcript was reading the different interview articles. It was a learning experience for me and allowed me to review and understand the various aspects of an interview. It also eased the collection of required data, since it facilitated access to the necessary information by looking up the text rather than listening to an audio or video repetitively (YouTube, 2016). Secondly, collecting information from different journal articles expanded my knowledge about the research topic. It helped me in developing my analytical skills as I focused on identifying new information from journal articles or recognizing any discrepancy or ideas that have not yet been explored. The main themes incorporated by me include Adaptation - This includes updating rulebook changing schedules and new routines. Seeking information - This encompasses reading journals, attending meetings and talking to co-workers Problem Solving - which includes identifying and quick fixing of problems. Presentation of research- I learned many methods of presenting and reporting my findings. It will help me in the future to present data according to situations of work. Knowing the importance of focus group- The work on focus group helped me realize the importance of interaction in getting new ideas and cross-comparison of opinions. References Beamer, G., 2002. Elite interviews and state politics research.State Politics Policy Quarterly,2(1), pp.86-96. Becker, H.S., 1966. Whose side are we on.Soc. Probs.,14, p.239. Bhattacherjee, A., 2012. Social science research: principles, methods, and practices. Brett, J. and Moran, A., 2006. Ordinary People's Politics: Australians talk about life, politics and the future of their country. Chattharakul, A., 2011. Thai electoral campaigning: Vote-canvassing networks and hybrid voting.Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs,29(4), pp.67-95. Cyr, J., 2015. The pitfalls and promise of focus groups as a data collection method.Sociological Methods Research, p.0049124115570065. Goffman, A., 2009. On the run: Wanted men in a Philadelphia ghetto.American Sociological Review,74(3), pp.339-357. Kitzinger, J., 1994. The methodology of focus groups: the importance of interaction between research participants.Sociology of health illness,16(1), pp.103-121. Kitzinger, J., 2003. The methodology of focus groups: the importance of interaction between research participants.Interviewing,1(1), p.347. Li, L., 2014. The Unremarkable Things Matter: A Book Review of David Silverman's A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about Qualitative Research.The Qualitative Report,19(9), pp.1-4. Liamputtong, P., 2009. The in-depth interviewing method.Qualitative research methods, pp.42-63. Marsiglio, W., 2013. Conducting qualitative in-depth interviews. Neuman, W.L., 2006. Field research.Social Research Methods-Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, pp.378-414. Stevenson, C.N., 2016. Analyzing Qualitative Data: Visualizing Lived Experiences.Mixed Methods Research for Improved Scientific Study, p.123. Trochim, W.M. and Donnelly, J.P., 2001. Research methods knowledge base. Walter, M., 2006. Social research methods. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. Wilkinson, S., 1998, February. Focus groups in feminist research: Power, interaction, and the co-construction of meaning. InWomen's studies international forum(Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 111-125). Pergamon. Yin, R.K., 2015.Qualitative research from start to finish. Guilford Publications. YouTube. (2016).Qualitative analysis of interview data: A step-by-step guide. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRL4PF2u9XA [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016

Kimberly clark case study free essay sample

Why are major company, like Kimberly-Clark, moving toward relationships in which the supplier managers inventory levels at the retailer? 2. When should Kimberly-Clark handles its logistic needs in-house, and when should external source be used? 3. What other types of business partnerships that Kimberly-Clark can be used to improve supply chain performance? 4. Can pressure such as in the Kimberly-Clark case be used to Kimberly-Clark’s advantage? Traditionally, the retailer handles the replenishment process, and the supplier has no clear information on the demand side or advance warning about out-of-stock situation. As a result, the supplier tends to maintain a certain level of safety stocks as a buffer in order to facilitate sales and the customer would also keep some safety stocks in case of none-supply that causes long supply chain and lacks of flexibility. Through supplier managed inventory programs, suppliers get to know the actual supply and demand and thus can deploy better logistic plans to response the fluctuating market situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Kimberly clark case study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Cross Media Optimization Study (XMOS) The XMOS study answers the question â€Å"What is the optimal media mix to achieve marketing  goals? † Marketers and advertising agencies can now begin to understand which advertising vehicles, at what frequency, optimally support campaign objectives. Using a research methodology endorsed by the Advertising Research Foundation and recognized by ESOMAR (European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research), the XMOS study measures online advertising alongside offline advertising to determine the optimal mix and weight of each medium. The Campaign Kimberly-Clark introduced the Kleenex Soft Pack with television, print, and online. Advertising. The objective of the campaign: build awareness and drive trial. The target: previously hard-to-reach consumers. The Challenge Kimberly-Clark wanted to measure the ability of online advertising to reach segments of their target market that their television and print ads just were not covering. How They Did It The company allocated 75% of its overall advertising dollars to television, 23% to print, and 2% to online. Then they analyzed each medium’s effectiveness in boosting aided brand awareness, brand image, purchase intent. And bundled trial intent. What They Found Online complements offline advertising and delivers the 42% of the audience that is only lightly reached or not reached at all by television. The synergy of magazine and online advertising was the most effective combination for reaching this audience and boosting major key metrics including aided brand awareness, brand image, bundled trail intent and purchase intent. As an integral part of the overall media mix: †¢ Online advertising could potentially deliver 26% of the targ

Time on Your Hands

Time on Your Hands Time on Your Hands Time on Your Hands By Maeve Maddox For me, January is a time for thinking about time. The month is named for Janus, the Roman god depicted as having two faces. The double visage represents the power to see into the past and the future. Because of this attribute, Janus was the patron of beginnings. Our word time has been in the language since Old English times. It occurs in numerous idioms such as time of day, time-travel, time-keeper, time-limit, about time, and to have a good time. Before any of our British readers object to that last one as a vile Americanism, according to the OED, to have a good time ( = a time of enjoyment) was common in Eng. from c 1520 to c 1688; it was app. retained in America, whence readopted in Britain in 19th c. Another word for time, Greek khronos, has also been put to good use in English in the form of the word elements chron and chrono. Here are just a few, some more useful than others. anachronism: the erroneous reference of an event, circumstance, or custom to a wrong date. For example, Shakespeare’s plays contain numerous anachronisms. In Julius Caesar, set in Roman times, a character counts the chimes of a mechanical clock. References to clothing often indicate that Shakespeare’s actors performed in contemporary Elizabethan garb, no matter what the historical setting of the play. If you want to get really picky, here are some words to narrow down the type of anachronism you mean: parachronism: an error in chronology, esp. the placing of an event later than its real date. Metachronism has the same meaning. prochronism: an error in chronology that places an event earlier in time than its true date. The next three words are used in the study of linguistics. achronic lasting through time, or during the existing period. In linguistics the term means â€Å"pertaining to or designating a method of linguistic study concerned with the historical development of a language; historical, as opposed to descriptive or synchronic.† panchronic: designating or relating to a linguistic structure or theory that may be applied to all languages at all stages of their development. synchronic: pertaining to or designating a method of linguistic study concerned with the state of a language at one time, past or present; descriptive, as opposed to historical or diachronic. Then we have chronic lasting a long time, long-continued, lingering; said of diseases chronicle: a detailed and continuous register of events in order of time. It can also be used as a verb, to chronicle. chronobiology: the scientific study of temporal or periodic phenomena in biology. This is the word that set me off on this theme. I encountered it in a New York Times story: Dr Michael Smolensky, an expert in chronobiology (the study of the bodys natural rhythms and cycles) at the University of Texas at Houston, says that people who live in countries that are cold in winter eat more than they do in warmer seasons: â€Å"Adults typically consume 6 to 7 per cent more calories in the winter.† chronological: arranged according to time dendrochronology: the science of arranging events in the order of time by the comparative study of the annual growth rings in (ancient) timber. isochron: a line (imaginary or on a map) connecting points at which some chosen time interval has the same value. Planning a complex novel might lead a writer to make a chart with isochrons. monochronic: relating to or dating from a single period of time. pseudochronism: Obs. rare a false dating; an error in date. synchronicity: Carl Jung used this word to name the phenomenon of events which coincide in time and appear meaningfully related but have no discoverable causal connection. synchronize: To cause to be, or represent as, synchronous; to assign the same date to; to bring together events, etc. belonging to the same time. I’ll always associate this word with old movies. The plan requires each member of a group to perform separate actions at the same moment. Before initiating the plan, the leader of the good guys gives the command, â€Å"Synchronize your watches!† Some more ‘time† expressions in English: Time, Gentlemen, Please More â€Å"chron† words Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsAt Your Disposal20 Ways to Cry

Wernickes Area in the Brain

Wernicke's Area in the Brain The function of a part of the human brain known as Wernickes area is to enable us to comprehend written and spoken language. It is located posterior to the primary auditory complex in the left temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain where information processing of all kinds takes place. Wernickes area  is connected to another brain region involved in language processing known as Brocas area. Located in the lower portion of the left frontal lobe, Brocas area controls motor functions involved with speech production. Together, these two brain areas help us to speak as well as to interpret, process, and understand spoken and written language. Discovery German neurologist Carl Wernicke is credited with discovering the function of this brain region in 1873. He did so while observing individuals with damage to the posterior temporal lobe of the brain. He noticed that one of his stroke patients, while able speak and hear, was not able to comprehend what was being said to him. Nor could he understand written words. After the man died, Wernicke studied his brain and discovered a lesion in the rear parietal/temporal region of the left hemisphere of the patients brain, located close to the auditory region. He concluded that this section had to be responsible for language comprehension. Function Wernickes Area of the brain is responsible for multiple functions. According to various studies, including the 2016 publication The Role of Wernicke’s Area in Language Comprehension by Alfredo Ardila, Byron Bernal, and Monica Rosselli, these functions seem to contribute to language understanding by allowing us to interpret the meaning of individual words and using them in their proper context. Wernicke's Aphasia A condition called Wernickes aphasia, or fluent aphasia, in which patients with damage to their temporal lobe region have difficulty comprehending language and communicating ideas, bolsters the thesis that Wernickes area primarily governs word comprehension. While they are able to speak words and form sentences that are grammatically correct, these patients cannot form sentences that make sense. They may include unrelated words or words that have no meaning in their sentences. These individuals lose the ability to connect words with their appropriate meanings. They are often unaware that what they are saying does not make sense. Processing the symbols that we call words, encoding their meanings into our brains, and then using them in context is what forms the very basis of language comprehension. A Three-Part Process Speech and language processing are complex functions that involve several parts of the cerebral cortex. Wernickes area, Brocas area, and the angular gyrus are three regions vital to language processing and speech. Wernickes area is connected to Brocas area by a group of nerve fiber bundles called the arcuate fascilicus. While Wernickes area helps us to understand language, Brocas area helps us to accurately communicate our ideas to others through speech. The angular gyrus, located in the parietal lobe, is a region of the brain that helps us to utilize different types of sensory information to comprehend language. Sources: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Aphasia. NIH Pub. No. 97-4257. Updated June 1, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/aphasia.National Aphasia Foundation. (n.d.). Wernickes aphasia. Retrieved from aphasia.org/aphasia-resources/wernickes-aphasia/

Values and Ethos of Learning Communities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Values and Ethos of Learning Communities - Essay Example The role of leaders is to create learning community culture in which understandings achieved during the course of practice, nurtured and not forgotten. Educational leadership should encourage students and inspire their interest to learning and self-improvement. Different leadership strategies mentioned above should not be used in isolation. The role of educational leadership is to maintain the community and support the core purpose of increasing the ability of all students and preparing students for the future. Leaders must remember that their words and stance on issues impact others in both large and small ways (Sergiovanni 2000). The main educational leadership strategies include blending leadership strategy, institutional leaders, instructional leadership and transformational leadership, facilitative leadership, visionary, ethical and direct leadership (Educational Leadership& Management, n.d.). Direct leadership is what leaders do when they work directly to enhance teacher learning. Substitutes for leadership are the structures, pathways, and norms leaders build that allow, encourage, and enhance teacher learning. In K-12 public education, the choice of leadership strategy depends upon the extent to which it matches the nature of the task, the complexity of the community setting, and the standards of quality expected. Many learning communities choose instructional and transformational leadership which help educators to meet changing learning environment and community's policies. Where task complexity is simple, direct supervision involving telling students what to do, watching them do it, and making correc tions as needed might be an appropriate choice. But as complexity increases, strategies closer to mutual adjustment make more sense. These learning communities rely on purposing and shared values, standardizing knowledge and skills, and mutual adjustment as control strategies if they want to be successful (Educational Leadership, n.d.). Facilitative, visionary and ethical leadership allows educators to form and correct basic moral values and preferences of diverse student audience. Using these strategies, educators become more sophisticated in their ability to develop capacity for teaching and leading in schools creating effective learning communities based on trust and respect. The task of facilitative leadership is to encourage the involvement of students at all educational levels. Visionary leadership is aimed to create a certain vision of culture and values shared by a particular community. This is one of the most important strategies which help educators to prepare students for various roles in their respective communities. Critics argue that ethical leadership "should have and be willing to act on a definite sense of ethical standards" (Educational Leadership& Management, n.d.). K-12 community leaders should create an effective environment and control that students are well served, and that teachers are suppor ted in their efforts in behalf of students. A leader's role is to engage teachers in determining and articulating a vision of excellence for all students. Communication in K-12 public education should include conversation about school issues and the needs of children with meetings to analyze data and plan

Based on 3 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Based on 3 questions - Essay Example When discharge by frustration, there would be no secondary obligations, but there would be a need for restitution under the law. Other than discharge of the contract by performance, breach and frustration, the contract could also be discharged by agreement, wherein both the parties would agree to put an end to the contract and have a new contract in place to overcome the shortcomings of the earlier contract (Wallis 2008). Discharge by frustration is a process by which the contract is ended by demonstrating frustration. These include certain limited circumstances wherein courts would have deemed that further performance of the contract would be impossible. Usually at the time of discussion and entry of either party into the contract, the factors or causes of frustration should not be known to either party and due to the fault of neither party the event has been caused such that further performance of the contract would be deemed impossible. At first, the doctrine of frustration arose in the case Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B & S 826 where Blackburn J used the [presence of unforeseen circumstances that suddenly arose and rendered further performance of the contract as impossible and due to no fault of either party. In the case, Taylor hired Caldwell for the performance of concert events for 4 days at Pounds 100. The contract was created but due to a fire at the hall of the event, the entire event could not be performed. The plaintiff suffered huge losses due to non-performance of the event. However, there was no provision within the contract that provided a resolution in case of such events. The plaintiff sued the defendant, and the defendant said that due to the non-presence of the hall the event could not be performed (Wallis 2008). The Hon’ble Judge Blackburn found that within the contract there was an implied term which meant that both parties would be excused in case the contract becomes impossible to perform due to no fault of either party that enter into the contract. These circumstances may be unforeseen due to no fault of either party, and even if one party has a doubt that such an event could occur, then the onus would be put on that party (Szantyr 2011). There may be four conditions for discharge of contract by frustration to be satisfied. It may occur as an unforeseen event, it should not be known to either party, it should make performance of the contract impossible and it should create a radically different situation from what was described in the earlier contract. Besides, there are 2 alternative tests for frustration including implied theory test and radical change test. The implied theory test was what was used in Taylor vs. Caldwell, whereas the radical change test was developed in the case Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC [1956] AC 696 (Wallis 2008). Discharge of contract by breach may include defective performance as well as non-performance and would be included either as a condition, warranty or innominate. In orde r to treat such breach as primary and to repudiate the contract, the opposing party should have breached the conditions and not the warranties. In case the warranties are breached, then the contracted cannot be discharged but since the secondary obligations are not fulfilled, damages can be sought (Law Teacher 2012). Unlike discharge by frustration, an anticipatory breach may arise when one party feels that the performance of the contract would be in doubt and have expressed their willingness to discharge the contract. The opposing

The Current State Economy Essay Example for Free

The Current State Economy Essay It is known that the economy is intensively damaged and that it needs to be restructured. The current fiscal policy that are in place are good, but measures must be taken to avoid a crash of the market, get the unemployment rate down, and stimulate the economy in the hopes of increasing the gross domestic product and bringing about a surge in the aggregate demand. Although it may take some time for all of these events to take place, this is what needs to be done to get the economy to rise. The consumers and government must also do their parts in order for this economy to rise above the recession it is in now. The primary root cause of the current recession and economic crisis is largely in part due to the huge increase in the issuance of subprime adjustable-rate mortgages and the collateralized debt obligations that they made up. The amount of subprime mortgages issued in 2005 and 2006 increased drastically, while the issuance of prime mortgages actually decreased. Basically, banks loaned money to people who would obviously default on those loans. People bought houses with these loans expecting housing prices to increase, but that didn’t happen. Although, this was the route caused it is not the only reason we continue to be in a poor state. Below you will find the over view of our current economy. The current economy expanding or contracting is contracting. Our current prime rate is 3.25% The current interest rate on credit cards is 15.4% The current unemployment rate is 9% (2011 est.) and 9.6% in (2010 est.). The unemployment, youth age 15-24 total 17.6% that includes male 20.1% and female 14.9%(2009). The current inflation rate is CPI measures inflation rate 2%. The current Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are: GDP (purchasing power parity) $15.04 trillion (2011 est.), $14.82 trillion (2010 est.) $14.38(2009 est.). The data are in 2011 US dollars.

Hurricanes Essay -- essays research papers fc

Hurricanes Hurricanes summer is over and fall has arrived but many people to the south of us are observing another season hurricane season. According to the Montshire Museum of Science, hurricanes usually occur in the North Atlantic from June to November, with most of them in September. On average, between six to eight hurricanes form in the North Atlantic or North Pacific each year (Montshire), however, as many as 15 have occurred in the Atlantic in a single year. Hurricanes are powerful, whirling storms that measure several hundred miles in diameter. The winds near the center of a hurricane blow at speeds of 74 miles per hour or more (World Book, 400). Many hurricanes leave a trail of widespread death and destruction. The definition of a hurricane, according to World Book Encyclopedia, is an area of low pressure that forms over oceans in tropical regions. Such a storm in the North Pacific Ocean is called a typhoon, and one in the South Pacific or Indian Ocean is called a cyclone. Most hurricanes originate within the doldrums, a narrow equatorial belt characterized by intermittent calms, light variable breezes, frequent squalls, and lying between the northeast and southeast trade winds (Encarta). Hurricanes consist of high-velocity winds blowing circularly around a low-pressure center, known as the eye of the storm. The low-pressure center develops when the warm, saturated air prevalent in the doldrums is under run and forced upward by denser, cooler air. From the edge of the storm toward its center, the atmospheric pressure drops sharply and the wind velocity rises. The winds attain maximum force close to the point of lowest pressure. Encarta Encyclopedia states that hurricanes generally move in a path resembling the curve of a parabola. Also, that in the Northern Hemisphere the storms usually travel first in a northwesterly direction and in the higher latitudes turn toward the northeast. In the Southern Hemisphere the usual path of the hurricane is initially to the southwest and subsequently to the southeast. Hurricanes travel at varying rates. Those areas in which the hurricane winds blow in the same direction as the general movement of the storm are subjected to the maximum destructive violence of the hurricane. According to the research team at Storm Central, hurricanes go through a set of stages from birth to dissipation. Tropical disturbance ... ... of friends and loved ones, etc. Much advancement has been made over the years to forewarn potential victims of these horrendous storms. Hurricanes are an act of nature that no one can ever control. As long as there are bodies of water, wind, and warm air, we will still be searching for the perfect warning system for those on the coast. We just have to be thankful that technological advancements have brought us thus far, now we have only the future and further experimentation to look forward to. Bibliography Works Cited Why hurricanes form over warm oceans USA Today Weather http://www.usatoday.com/weather/whur7.htm, 11/4/99 Montshire Minute: Hurricanes Montshire Museum of Science http://www.montshire.net/minute/mm99027.html, 11/6/99 How are Atlantic hurricanes ranked? Hurricanes 99 http://www.hurricanes99.com/huricanesSSS.html, 11/10/99 What are Hurricanes? Hurricanes 99 http://www.hurricanes99.com/FAQ.html, 11/10/99 Hurricane Stages of Development Storm Central http://www.stormsearch.com/stages, 11/11/99 Hurricanes Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 98 Microsoft, 1993-1997 Hurricanes World Book Encyclopedia World Book-Childcraft International Inc. Volume 9: 400-403.

Lord of the Flies- Who Is the Best Leader Essay

In the novel, there is a clear, constant battle for leadership between two of the main characters, Ralph and Jack. The two characters are completely different- as you could say they are the antithesis of one another. In appearance, character, desires (as one wants control through order and civilization and one in self-entertainment). I am going to show how and why Jack Merridew is clearly a better, more appealing leader of the two. First things first, an interesting scene is the one of the elections, at the start of the novel, as the author clearly emphasises the embarrassment and anger Jack feels as he loses the vote. Many judge this negatively, as to pointing out the selfishness and avarice of power Jack demonstrates, but turning the tables, you could also notice Jack’s confidence before the actual elections. This might suggest how Jack is completely sure he can be a better leader, which after turns out to be true towards the end of the novel. Secondly, I would like to point out again how attractive Jack is towards the rest of the boys, as he satisfies completely their primal desires: fun, hunting, messing around. He shows this several times, one of them being: â€Å"he gave a wild whoop and leapt on the pale sand. At once the platform was full of noise and excitement, scrambling, screams and laughter.† This particularly evidences the esteem and admiration the kids feel towards Jack. This is a reason he could be a better leader. Who wants to be a boring, civilized loser, and not a courageous, enthusiastic hunter who likes to kill everything? Which kid would not choose a trusty and confident, skilful leader, over a weak, unstable drag, who can only rely on a fat chatterbox with no benefits of any kind? Therefore this means that I would like to refer again to Ralph’s instability and lack of confidence, as he actually admits in a way to piggy, that Jack is much superior to him, and this is the worst thing a leader can do: not believe in himself. Even more severe is the fact that Ralph almost fears Jack, not only as a menace to his reputation and leadership, but also as a major threat to him. This is shown as Piggy states how Jack detests him, but also detests Ralph, â€Å"maybe because he’s the leader†. He simply says, â€Å"But he’s Jack Merridew!† Another proof of Jack’s power of attention over the kids is after his speech: â€Å"Jack handed the conch and sat. The whole assembly applauded in relief.† He had just insulted most of the little kids, saying they were â€Å"a bunch of cry-babies† which â€Å"never helped doing anything†. But they applauded anyways; by this we can deduce that he is a general referring-point for all, as a brave, imponent figure. But in this case it is important to draw out the fact that Jack just gave spirit and taught a lesson to the littleuns. To conclude the speech, I am going to finish by saying that Jack is certainly the most catchy and enthusiastic leader, and a perfect one, for boys and â€Å"littleuns†. Said, because even the author himself outlines this, by this last quote made by Ralph, which states Jack’s supremacy on him and the boys.

D1 stakeholders in M&S Essay

There are many people and groups that have an interest in the running and the functions of Oxfam and we call them stake holders. Below I will give examples of stake holders and explain how they take an interest and how they influence the company. Throughout D1 I will be stating the different stake holders and their influences in the business ‘Marks & Spencer’. I will also be grading the different stakeholders from 1-10 depending on their affectivity in influencing changes in Marks & Spencer’s. Customers Customers are big stakeholders in any retail business including Marks & Spencer. Customers contribute to profit levels and turnover through buying products and services. They also have a large influence on the running of the business. This could be from requesting changes to better their needs or the needs of the environment. Without the customers of a business there would be no business simply because there would be no one to purchase the products. Customers are so important to the business that M&S introduced the loyalty card program which allows for special promotions, and special offers. This provides customers with more of a reason to shop with M&S due to the fact that it gives them bonuses for their loyalty. Customers demand a range of things, such as: cheap prices, high quality products, and a high level of customer service. Evidence of the influence that customers have is the implementation of the purchasing of carrier bags at the check-out till in their various stores. Customers will have complained that the business was not environmentally friendly enough due to their ethical persona. And this would have had an impact on the shareholders and they would have taken the information given into consideration and implemented change. For the Customers in Marks & Spencer’s I would grade them an 8 out of 10. This depends on the level the employee is at. All of the employees from managers to floor workers have a great deal of influence however the influence is greatened as you go higher up in the hierarchy. This is because the higher you are the more power and the closer you are to the shareholders who can choose whether or not to implement change.

Case Study 4 Culture Clash In Boardroom Example

Case Study 4 Culture Clash In Boardroom Example Case Study 4 Culture Clash In Boardroom – Case Study Example Case Study 4 Culture Clash in Boardroom Identify the most important facts surrounding the case. The case of whether the German-Chinese joint venture should follow the ethical rules of the parent company or the country of operation presents a decision dilemma to the management. The most important facts that surround this case include the socio-cultural differences that multinational companies experience. In this case, the German-Chinese joint venture has its headquarters in Germany and this means that its entire operation management principles and business practices are traditionally Europe. On the other hand, China hosts its subsidiary and offers a better business prospects. The challenge is that in China it is operating in a different cultural environment which is likely to contravene its ethical standards of business practices.Identify the key issue or issues.The key issue in this case is adherence to ethical standards of the company versus the need to accept the bribe culture in C hina to realize sales. Mr.Liu Peijin faces a difficult decision to make since the customer insists on 1% commission as a reward to complete the negotiation and finish the deal. This is the local culture in china but is against the ethical standards of the firm.Specify alternative courses of action.The causes of actions possible in this case are to compromise the ethical standard of the company, give the commission to the customer and gain in huge sales. An alternative cause of action is to withdraw from the deal by rejecting the 1% commission demand thereby holding on the ethical principles of Almond China.Evaluate each course of action.Offering a 1% commission will compromise the ethical principles of the multinational which will affect its ability to negotiate future deals on allegations of corruption and lacking integrity. Sticking to the company’s ethical principles and rejecting 1% commission demand will cost the company a huge sale- 30 million Yuan.Recommend the best co urse of action.The long run survival of the firm is primary and this makes it important to have clean hand in its transactions. Since it is in another country with better business potential, it would be advisable to protect its public image by adhering to its ethical standards. Tis has long term benefits in positive public image of Almond’s as a compromise on its ethics or safety standards may affect its ability to secure contracts in the future.Work CitedKatherine Xin and Wang Haijie Should a German-Chinese joint venture follow the ethical rules of the parent company or the country of operation? Culture Clash in the Boardroom.2011

Should You Include a Summary on Your Resume

Should You Include a Summary on Your Resume Gone are the old days of the â€Å"Objective† paragraph at the top of a resume. Everywhere you look, job gurus are insisting that the â€Å"Summary† statement is the next new thing. Does that mean we should all run out and add one to our resumes? Not exactly. In some cases, it’s just a matter of fashion. Style, not substance. In those cases, it’s best to resist the trend and stick with the traditional. Here’s a primer for determining whether or not you need a summary statement- and, more importantly, whether one could help or hurt you.Ask Yourself: Where are you now?Figure out what you would feature in the summary. Just a distilled repetition of information you already have in the body of your resume? Are you just taking up valuable real estate on the page to repeat yourself?If you have a wealth of seemingly disparate experiences that require a bit of context to tie together- i.e. you want to feature a particular core set of skills to unify your job history, or you have multiple years of experience and would like to highlight the arc of your work journey (aka, your brand)- then it can be an incredibly useful tool.Ask Yourself: Where do you want to be?Do the requisite soul searching to figure out what you really want in your next position. What kind of job are you after? What skills do you enjoy utilizing the most? What accomplishments highlight those skills best? What are you passionate about? Once you answer these questions, you’ll be much better prepared to highlight the skills and special information that would make you more appealing to hiring managers in that area.Ask Yourself: Where is your industry?Do a bit of legwork to figure out what your ideal industry is after. What skills will matter most to hiring managers in your field? Are these skills you have, but perhaps aren’t clear enough in your work history?Wield your summary to show HR you have what they need most. Consider what your biggest selling points might be and focus on those. Show how uniquely equipped you are to tackle their biggest issues and address their biggest needs. Show you care about their core concerns.Craft your statement.Be concise. You have limited space and you really don’t want to just regurgitate the bullet points in your resume. Try not to repeat anything that follows in the Summary. Instead, focus on providing valuable context, narrative-shaping, and synthesis that will hopefully prove to be game-changing. Use this space to show your potential employer what you have to offer, but make sure to target and match that with what they’re looking for and need the most.

What is Romance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

What is Romance - Essay Example I plainly believe, on this ground, that one such element of huge significance is romance – a mystical fuel or driving force within what constitutes the essence of love yet which possesses distinct character that enables us to distinguish one relationship from the other. Despite the mystery of how it works, romance is something humans readily perceive for it is, I suppose, designed to relish our senses and recognize the truth of love in-the-making. By experience and common knowledge, we take romance as it is in thought and act capable of emerging moments of lasting splendor due to which, we feel young at heart. It is not merely present and cherished by couples of opposite sexes, as I see it. Apparently, there occurs romance between any two critically intimate entities – such as man and God, man and self, God and other creatures, man and world, or even mind and wisdom, as well as life and struggle. We may not derive strength from it on a regular basis but certainly, romance beats the dull and illumines a soul in gloom as we treat it an unseen worker of personal tale, an occasional spice of relief, a rainbow connection, a dancing reverie, or a starlight express in all aspects of living. Last week, I visited the Timken Museum at Balboa Park in San Diego. The painting ‘Mrs. Thomas Gage, 1771’ by John Singleton Copley especially caught my attention. Through oil on canvas, Copley seems to have managed his artistry to work on the fine details of the piece in the manner as to exude radiance of the main subject. In the overall view of the painting, hence, my critical observation led me to ponder that the chief task of his brainwork could have focused on lighting scheme. It appears that, besides the vital consideration of lines, curves, and colors that altogether formed the image of Mrs. Thomas Gage, Copley ensured that these visual elements were governed by the perspective of light, originating mostly out of the

Project Management - Planning a wedding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Project Management - Planning a wedding - Essay Example In this case, taking into consideration the objectives and goals of the project would be imperative. Every couple would like to have memorable and unique wedding incorporating a great menu, beautiful decorations, enjoyable music as well as the best honeymoon. In this case, create ideas about color schemes, decorations and flowers matching the scheme, food and cake ideas, music, activities and games for guests as well as favors. Matching the dress codes, invitation cards, thank you cards and themes with other arrangements. Collaborating with the bands, caterers, decorators and designers who would be providing these services. In essence, it would be important that these contacts be followed up with to fasten and ease the arrangements. Booking the reception venue, the church as well as making honeymoon arrangements and incorporating the appropriate table and venue decorations to match up with the set out theme for the occasion. Taking care of the dressing arrangements for the bride, the groom as well as the bridesmaids and grooms men. Have the time schedule clearly stated and liaise with all the stakeholders to ensure that the wedding arrangements go according to plans. This would also entail communicating with all the stakeholders to ensure that the wedding starts and ends on time. Once the service is over, it will be important that all arrangements are made so as to ensure that, the reception venue is properly equipped with chairs and tables, plates, cutlery, water glasses and napkins. This also entails ensuring that the cake, food and drinks are ready as well as making arrangements with the entertainment band. Once the wedding ceremony is over, paying attention to the honeymoon arrangements would also be imperative. All these activities... It is evidently clear from the discussion that project management also involves management of the project plan implementation, as well as running regular controls, in order to ascertain that there is objective and accurate information pertaining to the performance, in line with the plan. In case the project is not going according to plan, either as far as usage of resources or following the process is concerned, recovery actions would have to be devised and implemented to return it to the right course. Given that projects are essentially temporary or short term in nature, they necessitate the development of unique management strategies and technical skills all aimed at meeting distinct goals and objectives. Marking the importance of project management is the fact that the project is constrained in terms of funding, deliverables as well as time-duration within which it has to be completed. The main challenge for project management is essentially the achievement of all project objectiv es and goals while honoring preconceived constraints. The secondary challenge is optimization of the resource allocation and integration of the required inputs so as to achieve the predefined objectives. In quality control, all the characteristics of the project would be examined in order to ascertain their capacity to meet the implied or stated goals and objectives. Quality control refers to the use of activities and techniques that compare the actual performance quality with the intended goals and objectives as well as defining the appropriate course of action to respond to the shortfalls.

Legal Issues Affecting the Healthcare Work place Research Paper

Legal Issues Affecting the Healthcare Work place - Research Paper Example Bullying can include a series of incidents when overt or covert aggression can be inflicted on a person through spreading of rumors, withholding data, blocking promotion, or inflicting psychological abuse through exclusion (Leonard, Norman, and Spring, 2009). Horizontal violence is also a form of bullying, but it involves non-physical acts of aggression between employees of similar hierarchical positions. It includes: criticizing, insulting, undermining, and bickering (Leonard, Norman, and Spring, 2009). Mobbing involves negative actions of a group directed towards one employee. Parties involved may be those of higher positions abusing those in power positions. Workplace abuse may either be physical through shoving, pushing, and be kicking, or it may also be verbal through berating or threatening; it may be active or passive, and it may also be directly or indirectly carried out. In healthcare, studies and reviews indicate that these workers are about 16 times more likely to suffer workplace violence as compared to other employees. Moreover, nurses who are often at the frontline of health services are subjected to abuse from family members of patients. These nurses are unavoidably exposed to these dangers because they are exposed to patients who have issues related to substance abuse, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, mental health problems, and other social issues. In effect, the patient’s health issues and unfavorable conditions when they face nurses create dangerous scenarios for nurses.

Periodontal Diseases In Children Health And Social Care Essay

Periodontal Diseases In Children Health And Social Care Essay Periodontics is a vast subject by itself and a pediatric dentist is called upon to use the knowledge of the same while examining and planning the treatment of children and young adults. Contrasting forms of periodontal disease affect children and adolescents with varying prevalence, severity, and extent, leading to a diverse prognosis in these age groups. For an early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal conditions in young patients, it is essential to be able to identify and classify the disease correctly at the earliest applying the basic principles along with understanding of etiology and risk factors. A pediatric dentist is in a unique position to identify and distinguish between a seemingly innocuous condition that may be a normal physiological aberration or an early sign of severe destruc ­tive periodontal disease. Although severe destruc ­tive periodontal conditions are uncommon in children, however it is essential that children receive a periodontal screening as part of their regular dental examination. Early diagnosis ensures a high likelihood of a successful therapeutic outcome primarily by reduction of etiologic factors, remedial therapy and development of an effective maintenance protocol. This prevents the recurrence and progression of disease and reduces the incidence of tooth loss. Key Words: adolescents, aggressive, chronic, gingivitis periodontitis. Clinical Relevance: Incorporation of periodontal screening in regular dental examination by pediatric dentist can help in early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases. This would prevent further progression of disease and reduce the frequency of tooth loss. Objective: The reader should understand the importance of periodontal screening, early diagnosis, proper treatment planning and effective maintenance plan to prevent the progression and recurrence of periodontal disease in children and adolescents. Different forms of periodontal disease affect children and adolescents. The diseases affecting the periodontium can be limited to the gingival tissues or can be associated with destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. There have been various attempts to classify periodontal diseases. Various classifications have been developed over a period of time.1-4 Based on the World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics in 1989,3 the American Academy of Periodontology proposed a classification of periodontitis as a) adult periodontitis b) early-onset periodontitis c) Periodontitis associated with systemic disease d) necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis and e) refractory periodontitis. Early-onset periodontitis was further classified into a) pre-pubertal periodontitis (localized and generalized) b) juvenile periodontitis c) rapidly progressive periodontitis.(Table 1) Problems associated with the 1989 classification led to 1999 international workshop on the classification of periodontal diseases.4 A new classification system was proposed in 1999 and is presently the most accepted classification system of periodontal diseases. The periodontal diseases are classified as: 1) gingival diseases (plaque induced and non plaque induced) 2) chronic periodontitis (localized and generalized) 3) aggressive periodontitis (localized and generalized 4) periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease 5) necrotizing periodontal disease 6) abscesses of periodontium 7) periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions and 8) developmental and acquired deformities and conditions.(Table 1) In the new classification4 adult periodontitis was changed to chronic periodontitis and juvenile periodontitis to aggressive periodontitis. These changes were made to eliminate the age-dependent criteria. Chronic periodontitis was considered less age-dependent description than adult periodontitis. The term early-onset periodontitis was discarded as this form of disease can occur in children, adolescents and adults. Localized aggressive periodontitis replaced the older expression localized juvenile periodontitis or localized early-onset periodontitis. Generalized aggressive periodontitis replaced generalized juvenile periodontitis or generalized early-onset periodontitis.(Table 2) Table 1 1989 Classification Of Periodontal Diseases 1999 Classification Of Periodontal Diseases Gingival diseases (Plaque induced and Non- Plaque Induced) Adult periodontitis Chronic periodontitis (Localized and Generalized) Early-onset periodontitis Aggressive periodontitis (Localized and Generalized). Periodontitis associated with systemic disease Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis Necrotizing periodontal disease Refractory periodontitis Abscesses of periodontium Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions Developmental and acquired deformities and conditions The categories of refractory periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis were eliminated because of their heterogeneity. Prepubertal periodontitis was also eliminated as it was not perceived to be a single entity. Many severe periodontitis cases in children are caused due to presence of a systemic disease/s.5,6 (Table 2). Various studies show that gingivitis is prevalent in children and adolescents.7-11 Studies have indicated that attachment loss and supporting bone loss is infrequent in the young but that the incidence increases in adolescents aged 12 to 17 when compared to children aged 5 to 11.11-13 A study conducted on schoolchildren demonstrated that the prevalence and extent of gingivitis increased with age.14 Gingivitis starts in the deciduous dentition and reaching a peak at puberty. Gingivitis reduced during adolescence and followed by a gradual rise throughout adult life.15 The increase in gingivitis levels may be ascribed to the increase in sites at risk, plaque accumulation and inflammatory changes related with tooth eruption and the influence of hormonal factors in puberty. The decline in gingivitis in adolescence may be due to improved social awareness and enhanced oral hygiene.16 Table 2 Changes introduced in 1999 classification in comparison to 1989 Classification Of Periodontal Diseases A category of Gingival diseases (Plaque induced and Non- Plaque Induced) was introduced. Gingival diseases were not represented in 1989 classification. The term Adult periodontitis changed to Chronic periodontitis to eliminate the age-dependent criteria. The term Early-onset periodontitis was replaced by Aggressive Periodontitis to eliminate the age-dependent criteria. Localized juvenile periodontitis or localized early-onset periodontitis was replaced by Localized aggressive periodontitis. Generalized juvenile periodontitis or generalized early-onset periodontitis was replaced by Generalized aggressive periodontitis. Refractory periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis eliminated because of their heterogeneity Prepubertal periodontitis was also eliminated as severe periodontitis cases in children are caused due to presence of a systemic disease/s. Prevalence of periodontitis in the deciduous dentition is difficult to estimate because of scarcity of data. Exfoliation and eruption can lead to undependable information. A low prevalence of marginal bone loss in the deciduous dentition is found in children of European origin in comparison to Asian children.17,18 The prevalence of early onset periodontitis in blacks was 2.1% 19- 2.6%.20 The prevalence rate for whites was 0.17%.20 In a survey in the United States, no significant difference was found in prevalence rates between males and females.20 Black males and white females were approximately three times more likely to have localized early-onset periodontitis than black females and white males respectively.20 Periodontitis in the deciduous dentition is generally clinically insignificant, severe generalized periodontitis may be found in young children with rare systemic diseases, such as Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, cyclic neutropenia, agranulocytosis, Downs syndrome, hypophosphatasia and leukocyte adhesion deficiency.21 Periodontal diseases that can affect young individuals include: 1) dental plaque-induced gingival diseases; 2) chronic periodontitis; 3) aggressive periodontitis; 4) periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases; and 5) necrotizing periodontal diseases.22 However few other diseases like primary herpetic gingivostomatitis may also affect children.(Table 3) Table 3 Periodontal diseases affecting children and adolescents Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases Chronic periodontitis Aggressive periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases Necrotizing periodontal diseases Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases: Definition: Plaque-induced gingivitis is defined as inflammation of the gingiva in the absence of clinical attachment loss.23 Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only: Chronic marginal gingivitis is the most prevalent type of gingival change in childhood. Dental plaque causes inflammation within the gingival tissues which manifests as clinical signs of gingivitis. The gingival diseases associated with plaque, endogenous hormonal fluctuations, drugs, systemic diseases, and malnutrition have numerous universal characteristics. The universal features of these gingival diseases include clinical signs of inflammation, signs and symptoms that are restricted to the gingiva, reversibility of the diseases by removing the etiology, the presence of bacterial plaque to initiate and intensify the severity of the lesion, and a potential role as a precursor to attachment loss.24 (Table 4). Table 4 Universal features of gingival diseases Clinical signs of inflammation Signs and symptoms that are restricted to the gingiva, Reversibility of the diseases by removing the etiology. Presence of bacterial plaque to initiate and intensify the severity of the lesion. A potential role as a precursor to attachment loss The features of plaque-induced gingivitis24 are 1) plaque present at gingival margin; 2) disease begins at the gingival margin; 3) change in gingival color;25,26 4) change in gingival contour;25,26 5) sulcular temperature change;27 6) increased gingival exudate;28 7) bleeding upon probing;25 8) absence of attachment loss; 9) absence of bone loss; 10) histological changes including an inflammatory lesion; 11) reversible with plaque removal. Subgingival levels of Actinomyces sp., Capnocytophaga sp., Leptotrichia sp., and Selenomonas sp. have been found to be increased in experimental gingivitis in children when compared to gingivitis in adults.29 Gingival Diseases Modified by Systemic Factors Associated with the Endocrine System: Hormonal changes affect the periodontal diseases, although bacterial plaque is essential to initiate gingival disease. Puberty-Associated Gingivitis: The rise in steroid hormone levels during puberty in both sexes has a transitory effect on gingivitis.30 There is an increase in gingival inflammation in circumpubertal age individuals of both sexes without a simultaneous increase in plaque levels.31-33 The predilection to develop candid signs of gingival inflammation in the presence of relatively small amounts of plaque during the circumpubertal period differentiates the disease. The incidence and severity of gingivitis in adolescents are also influenced by dental caries, mouth breathing, crowding of the teeth, and tooth eruption.34 Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Gingivitis: Diabetes mellitus-associated gingivitis is found in children with poorly controlled Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile onset).35,36 The features of gingivitis associated with diabetes mellitus are similar to plaque-induced gingivitis. The level of diabetic management is an significant characteristic than plaque control in the severity of the gingival inflammation.35,36 Gingivitis is frequently associated with tooth eruption. Tooth eruption by itself does not cause gingivitis. The inflammation results from plaque accumulation around erupting teeth. Partially exfoliated, loose deciduous teeth often cause gingivitis due to plaque accumulation. The incidence and severity of gingivitis is more around malpositioned teeth because of their increased tendency to accumulate plaque.37 Periodontitis: Periodontitis irrespective of the specific classification show irreversible loss of connective tissue attachment and apical migration of the junctional epithelium and true pocket formation. The correct diagnosis of the different types of periodontitis is important as the management of periodontitis depends on the correct diagnosis. Incipient and incidental attachment loss A precursor to periodontitis: The terms incipient attachment loss38,39 and incidental attachment loss38,39 have been used to describe loss of support in adolescents. A loss of attachment >1 mm and early alveolar bone loss are prevalent and can affect a sizable proportion of adolescents.40-41 The term incipient is used to describe the initial stage of adult type periodontitis (chronic periodontitis) and a working definition is the presence of loss of attachment >2 mm that is not related to gingival recession.39 The term incidental attachment loss was used by Là ¶e Brown in relation to early-onset (aggressive) periodontitis in adolescents.20 It was suggested that it may correspond to an initial phase of an early-onset juvenile periodontitis or even be incidental to other factors. There is prevalence of attachment loss in adolescents that does not fit the categorization of localized early-onset periodontitis and/or generalized early onset periodontitis.38,42 The category of incidental attachment loss includes individuals who do not fit the criteria for diagnosis of either localized early-onset periodontitis or generalized early-onset periodontitis, but show à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥4 mm of attachment loss on one or more teeth.39 An epidemiological survey of early-onset periodontitis in 14 to 17 years old adolescents used attachment loss of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥3 mm as the cut-off for diagnosis and found that 71% of the incidental early-onset periodontitis group had one site affected and 97% had three or less affected sites.42 The definition of incidental attachment loss can be used to classify individuals with few sites affected by abnormal attachment loss, not associated with local causes such as proximal caries or overhanging restorations. Chronic periodontitis: Definition: Chronic periodontitis is defined as inflammation of the gingiva extending into the adjacent attachment apparatus. The disease is characterized by loss of clinical attachment due to destruction of the periodontal ligament and loss of the adjacent supporting bone.43 Clinical Features:44(Table 5) 1. Chronic periodontitis is the most common form of periodontal disease in adults but can be found in children and adolescents affecting both the primary and secondary dentitions. 2. The amount of periodontal destruction is proportionate to local factors. 3. The composition of microbial plaque is complex and varies to a great extent within and between patients and subgingival calculus is a frequent finding. 4. Chronic periodontitis can be classified on the basis of extent of disease as localized when fewer than 30% of sites are affected, and generalized when this level is exceeded. 5. Chronic periodontitis can also be classified on the basis of the severity of the periodontal destruction. Disease is mild (1 to 2 mm clinical attachment loss), moderate (3 to 4 mm clinical attachment loss), or severe (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥5 mm clinical attachment loss) 6. Although chronic periodontitis is initiated by microbial plaque, factors such as systemic risk factors including smoking, stress, diabetes, HIV and host factors influence the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. 7. Progression can only be confirmed by repeated clinical examinations and is considered likely to occur in diseased sites that are left untreated. It usually has slow to moderate rates of progression, but may have periods of rapid progression. Table 5 Clinical Features of Chronic periodontitis Most common form of periodontal disease in adults but children and adolescents also affected. The amount of periodontal destruction is proportionate to local factors. The composition of microbial plaque is complex and variable. Slow to moderate rates of progression with periods of rapid progression. Initiated by plaque but modified by systemic factors such as smoking, stress, diabetes, HIV and host factors. Extent of disease: Localized : 30% of sites involved. Severity of disease: Mild: 1-2mm of clinical attachment loss; Moderate: 3-4 mm of clinical attachment loss; Severe: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥5mm of clinical attachment loss. Aggressive periodontitis: Definition: Aggressive periodontitis encompasses distinct types of periodontitis that affect people who, in most cases, otherwise appear healthy. It tends to have a familial aggregation and there is a rapid rate of disease progression. Aggressive periodontitis occurs in localized and generalized forms.45 Aggressive periodontitis can be classified as localized aggressive periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis. Clinical Features:46 (Table 6) Primary features: Non-contributory medical history Rapid attachment loss and bone destruction Familial aggregation of disease Secondary features that are generally present but may not be present in all cases: 1) Amount of microbial deposits inconsistent with the severity of periodontal destruction. 2) Elevated proportions of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. 3) Phagocytic abnormalities 4) Hyper-responsive macrophage phenotype, including elevated production of PGE2 and interleukin-1ÃŽÂ ² in response to bacterial endotoxins. 5) Progression of attachment loss and bone loss may be self-arresting. The diagnosis may be made on historical, radiographic and clinical data. In addition to primary and secondary features common to all aggressive periodontitis patients, following features can be identified: Localized aggressive periodontitis: 1) Circumpubertal onset; 2) Localized first molar/incisor show interproximal attachment loss on at least two permanent teeth, one of which is a first molar, and involving no more than two teeth other than first molars and incisors; 3) Robust serum antibody response. Generalized aggressive periodontitis: 1) Usually affecting persons under 30 years of age but patients may be older; 2) Generalized interproximal attachment loss affecting at least three permanent teeth, other than first molars and incisors; 3) Pronounced episodic nature of destruction of attachment and alveolar bone. 4) Poor serum antibody response. Chronic and aggressive periodontitis have numerous common clinical features, but the common features are not necessarily alike in both forms of the disease. It is well recognized that both chronic and aggressive periodontitis are complex infections that occur in susceptible hosts and are caused by biofilms.47-49 In addition, host immune response to the biofilms is largely responsible for periodontal destruction.50,51 Successful management of both forms of periodontitis includes reduction of bacterial load.52 The untreated disease invariably leads to loss of tooth. Table 6 Clinical Features of Aggressive periodontitis Primary features: Non-contributory medical history. Rapid attachment loss and bone destruction Familial aggregation of disease. Secondary features: generally present but not universal: Amount of microbial deposits inconsistent with the severity of periodontal destruction. Elevated proportions of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Phagocytic abnormalities Hyper-responsive macrophage phenotype, including elevated production of PGE2 and interleukin-1ÃŽÂ ². Progression of attachment loss and bone loss may be self-arresting. Localized aggressive periodontitis: Circumpubertal onset Localized first molar/incisor involvement with interproximal attachment loss on at least two permanent teeth, one of which is a first molar, and involving no more than two teeth other than first molars and incisors. Robust serum antibody response. Generalized aggressive periodontitis: Usually affecting persons under 30 years of age but patients may be older; Generalized interproximal attachment loss affecting at least three permanent teeth, other than first molars and incisors; Pronounced episodic nature of destruction of attachment and alveolar bone. Poor serum antibody response. Similarities and differences in clinical features of chronic and aggressive periodontitis: One of the shared clinical characteristics of chronic and aggressive periodontitis is that affected individuals have no known medical or general health conditions that might contribute to development of their periodontitis. If an individual has a systemic disease that modifies the initiation and clinical course of periodontal infections, the resulting periodontitis should be classified as periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease.4 Chronic and aggressive forms of periodontitis have a number of significant clinical differences including: (i) age of onset; (ii) rates of progression; (iii) patterns of destruction; (iv) clinical signs of inflammation and (v) amount of plaque and calculus. The clinical differences are the primary basis for classifying individuals into one of the categories of periodontitis. A diagnosis is a summary statement of the clinicians best estimate regarding the disease or condition detected in a given patient. It is derived from a thorough analysis of all information collected during a review of relevant data from medical à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ dental histories, the results of diagnostic tests, and findings from a careful clinical examination.53,54 A diagnosis should be a short and concise statement that gives an idea of disease present in a specific patient. It provides a foundation about appropriate treatment approaches. The diagnosis may not precisely be according to the classification system. The exact definition of case is not a main issue in the management of specific patients in clinical practice, as the diagnosis is tailor-made for the individual.55 The clinical distinction between chronic and aggressive periodontitis may be difficult sometimes. This distinction becomes insignificant from a treatment viewpoint as anti-infective therapies are successful for bot h forms of the disease.55 Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases: Systemic diseases that predispose patients to highly destructive disease of the primary teeth, the diagnosis is periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease. This group is classified as:56(Table 7) Associated with hematological disorders: 1) Acquired neutropenia; 2) Leukemias; 3) Others. Associated with genetic disorders: 1) Familial and cyclic neutropenia; 2) Downs syndrome; 3) Leukocyte adherence deficiency syndrome; 4) Papillon-Lefà ¨vre syndrome; 5) Chediak-Higashi syndrome; 6) Histocytosis syndromes; 7) Glycogen storage disease; 8) Infantile genetic agranulocytosis; 9) Cohen syndrome; 10) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Types IV and VIII); 11) hypophosphatasia. Not Otherwise specified. Not otherwise specified includes diseases like osteoporosis and estrogen deficiency which have shown to affect periodontium but data regarding their effect requires confirmation. It was emphasized in the consensus report that other systemic conditions may be added after the evidence is available. Defects in neutrophil and immune cell function associated with these diseases may play an important role in increased susceptibility to periodontitis and other infections. Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease in children is a rare disease that frequently begins between the time of eruption of the primary teeth up to the age of 5.57,58 In the localized form, affected sites exhibit rapid bone loss and minimal gingival inflammation.57 Quantitative (agranulocytosis or neutropenia) or qualitative (chemotactic or phagocytic) leukocytic deficiencies show evidence of severe annihilation of the periodontal tissues. Quantitative deficiencies are generally accompanied by destruction of the periodontium of all teeth, whereas qualitative defects are often associated with localized destruction affecting only the periodontium of certain teeth.59 Neutropenia. Patients present with a diverse periodontal manifestations. In the malignant form there is ulceration and necrosis of the marginal gingiva. Bleeding from gums is generally present and attached gingiva may get involved.60 In cyclic, chronic, and familial benign neutropenia the lesions show deep periodontal pockets and extensive, generalized bone loss involving the permanent dentition.61-63 Bone resorption may be seen in the deciduous dentition.64,65 Leukemia. Periodontal lesions have been frequently observed in patients with leukemia, particularly those with an acute form. Generalized gingival enlargement was apparent in 36% of the individuals with acute and in 10% of those with chronic forms.66 Gingival swelling due to infiltration by leukemic cells is a feature of acute monocytic leukemic.67 Gingival bleeding is also a common sign of the disease in both acute and chronic leukemia and may relate to the associated thrombocytopenia.68 Downs Syndrome. Patients with Down syndrome show a generalized early periodontitis, which commences in the deciduous dentition69,70 and continues into the adult dentition. The prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in individuals with Down syndrome is exceedingly high in comparison to their siblings71 or other mentally subnormal persons.70 Several studies have reported increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in children of older age groups.69,70 The periodontal destruction is most commonly seen around the incisor and molar teeth.69 The short roots of the mandibular incisors72 and the bone loss in the mandibular anterior region, can lead to the premature loss of these teeth.70 Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome. Defects in numbers of cell-cell adhesion receptors on the neutrophil surface may lead to increased inclination to periodontitis and other infectious diseases in conditions such as leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome.73 Young patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome present with severe inflammatory periodontal disease.74-76 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease. The disease is generally fatal and children with deficiencies in expression of the leukocyte function associated family of adhesins suffer from severe periodontal infections.73 Papillon-Lefà ¨vre Syndrome. Papillon-Lefà ¨vre syndrome is a disease with autosomal recessive inheritance.77 The disease shows signs of diffuse palmar-plantar keratosis with a severe generalized periodontitis, usually seen before puberty with early loss of deciduous and permanent teeth.78-80 A frequency of 1 in 4 million in the general population has been reported.80 25% have been reported to have an increased susceptibility to infection, and 33% have a history of consanguinity.79 Teeth are normally lost in the order of eruption.79 Haim Munk syndrome is also characterized by presence of palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and severe early-onset periodontitis. Genetic studies of the diseases exhibiting palmoplantar keratosis and early-onset periodontitis suggested that the gene defect in Haim Munk syndrome is not genetically linked to the more common forms of palmoplantar keratosis.81 It has been reported that there is a high degree of consanguinity in these families and that they are most likely part of the similar syndrome.82 Chediak-Higashi Syndrome. Chediak-Higashi syndrome is as an autosomal recessive disease associated with severe periodontitis.83,84 The people suffering from this disease are extremely susceptible to bacterial infections Neutrophil chemotaxis and bactericidal functions are abnormal in these patients. Generalized, severe gingivitis, extensive loss of alveolar bone, and premature loss of teeth are features commonly seen.85 Histiocytosis Syndromes. This group of diseases includes may affect infants, children, and adults. The periodontal lesions may clinically resemble necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis lesions. The lesions are punched-out necrotic ulcers with considerable granulation tissue, tissue necrosis, and marked bone loss. Biopsy of the granulation tissue can help in diagnosing the condition.86 Skeletal surveys and chest radiographs will assist in determining the extent of the disease. Glycogen storage disease. This is an autosomal recessive condition associated with defective carbohydrate metabolism. Clinical features include reduced neutrophil numbers, impaired neutrophil function and periodontal disease.87,88 Infantile genetic agranulocytosis. This disease presents with severe neutropenia and has been linked with periodontitis similar to the early-onset form. This is a rare autosomal recessive disorder.89,90 Cohens syndrome. This is also an autosomal recessive condition is characterized frequent and extensive alveolar bone loss.88 The patients also suffer from non-progressive mental and motor retardation, obesity, dysmorphia, and neutropenia.91 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is autosomal dominant disorder. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is classified into 10 types and is characterized by defective collagen synthesis. Types IV and VIII have an increased susceptibility to periodontitis.92 Type VIII is linked with fragile oral mucosa and blood vessels. It is also associated with severe generalized periodontitis with manifestation of generalized early-onset periodontitis.93 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIII has clinical similarity to the early-onset form, causing premature loss of permanent teeth.94 Hypophosphatasia. Patients present with decreased serum alkaline phosphatase levels. There is severe loss of alveolar bone and premature loss of the deciduous teeth.95-97 Premature loss of deciduous dentition primarily involves anterior region.97 Table 7 Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases Associated with hematological disorders: Acquired neutropenia; Leukemias; Others. Associated with genetic disorders: Familial and cyclic neutropenia; Downs syndrome; Leukocyte adherence deficiency syndrome; Papillon-Lefà ¨vre syndrome; Chediak-Higashi syndrome; Histocytosis syndromes; Glycogen storage disease; Infantile genetic agranulocytosis; Cohen syndrome; Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Types IV and VIII); Hypophosphatasia. Not Otherwise specified Necrotizing periodontal diseases: Necrotizing periodontal disease